JC General Paper Essays

Showing posts with label how to prepare for GP. Show all posts
Showing posts with label how to prepare for GP. Show all posts

Start Strong: How to Write a Successful Introduction in Your General Paper Essay


This post on JC General Paper Essays shares the secrets of how to write a successful and significant introduction in your General Paper essay.

Introduction – to How to Write an Introduction

Writing a strong, successful, and impactful opening introduction for your General Paper essay, or any essay in general, can sometimes be a challenging task. 

How does one write a strong and impactful introduction that sets the significance, direction, tone, and even the pace of the paper?

In this post, I will help you learn the secrets of how to write an introduction for different types of essays.

Disclaimer – Different Opinions Abound

Now, before we begin, it should be obvious that there are no actual hard-and-fast rules about how you should write your introductory paragraph. It is not a fixed formula, like in Mathematics. Therefore, if two different people give you two apparently different ideas on writing an introduction, then chances are …  both of them are right, but it really depends on the context, question, and situation being presented.

This is exactly what happens most of the time with GP students, for example, when student A complains that one teacher said this, while another student B said another tutor said something entirely different, and then a very interesting and perhaps strongly-worded conversation may ensue … but I digress.

This difference in opinion on what makes a good introduction is true because there are different methods, tactics, techniques, or approaches to crafting a strong introduction.

Focus on Principles, Yet Know Techniques

Therefore, it is more productive to focus on principles on writing a strong, successful, and impactful opening for your General Paper essay instead – and there can be some more or less universal principles or rules of how to write a good introduction for your GP essay.

This post will share useful, universal principles or rules on how to write a good introduction.

Yet, in addition to principles, in this post we also share some common techniques and methods as well.

Both strategies and tactics will be covered for your benefit.

First, before we begin to learn the principles and the secrets of what makes a good introduction, you need to first understand the purpose of introduction paragraph to write it well.

Purpose of an Introduction

The introduction generally serves the following functions or purposes:

1. An introduction introduces the topic or theme of discussion.

2. An introduction sets the context and lays the foundation or basis for your arguments.

3. An introduction states the thesis statement (a thesis statement is what you want to argue as your overall argument, but it can consist of a thesis (“for”) and an anti-thesis (“against”)) and informs readers about what to expect in the essay when they read it.

Now, if you meet these purposes, then your introduction will be good, however you frame it or approach it.

Principles for Successful Introductions

In other words, the principles for successful introductions are:

1. You need to make sure that you introduce your specific topic or theme. In fact, that is why it is called an introduction in the first case.

You need a topic or theme.

2. You need to make sure that you set the context and background of your topic or theme. Some people go so far as to say that you need to set the motivation – the why of this context, the why of this paper in the first case – to make a good introduction.

You need context, background, and motivation.

3. You want to make sure you make an overarching argument that you will develop in the paper. You need to show, as it were, an outline or main argument of what you will be discussing in the paper.

You need to tell me what you will be telling me in your paper.

That is all. Very simple, yet effective principles.

The issue is, as always: how can these principles be realised in practice?

Simple and Effective Methods to Crafting Introductions

There are some simple and effective methods that you might need to be familiar with.

1. Defining Keywords to start your General Paper essay

One way to introduce is by defining the keywords of your essay question. Using definitions in your introduction is appropriate when the meanings of certain terms need to be clarified, when it is either necessary, or more likely appropriate, and when you need to set limit to the scope or focus of your General Paper essay.

2. Using Anecdotes to start your General Paper essay

Another easy and effective method of starting your General Paper essay is to use anecdotes to set up the context. An anecdote is basically a short and interesting story, with a moral or a point to the story. Such anecdotes set a context and situation for your General Paper essay and communicate your argument to the reader. If you can come up with an extended anecdote, your General Paper essay can be very attractive to your readers as well as effective in conveying your overall message.

3. Using quotations and/or rhetorical questions to start your General Paper essay

Quotations can include any famous sayings, or proverbs which are suitable in the context of the question. Such quotations not only make it easier to begin your essay, but also provide you with more ideas on the topic. So, it is another useful way to introduce your essay.

As Benjamin Franklin, a polymath and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States, might say:

“The wise man draws more advantage from his enemies than the fool from his friends.”

“Wish not so much to live long as to live well.”

“Eat to live, and not live to eat.”

“A true Friend is the best Possession.”

4. Moving from general to specific arguments in your General Paper essay introduction

Another way to begin your General Paper essay is by making a general statement about the theme or topic.

You first introduce the general ideas on the theme or topic and then proceed towards more specific ideas, which you’ll be discussing in the essay.

A Model Example

Now, let’s look at an example of a good model introduction to a GP essay, and you can reflect and think about why this paragraph is good:

"If we examine the world today, we often see many people aspiring to achieve better things for themselves or their loved ones around them, or in metaphorical terms, they “march to a different drummer”. Dreams can be defined as aspirations or ambitions, and can be to pursue a passion or a career. These aspirations or ambitions are arguably necessary as objectives and purposes in life. Yet, some more realistic, even grounded, critics counter-argue that dreams are not necessary because they only serve to distract one from the practicalities of life’s demands, or are a frivolous and impractical waste of time pursuing mere chimeras. While it is true that most dreams do not result in real changes and transformations, these myopic critics may not see the power and impact of dreams to make real changes in society. Hence, this paper argues that dreams have the ability to be powerful because of their meaning to individuals, their impact on society, and their strongly symbolic significance, but they should be taken in a context of realism and their applicability to real life."

Concluding Remarks

Think about what makes this essay introduction good and strong, and why? How could you improve on this introduction? What makes a really good essay, and what arguments could be advanced to support this introduction?

Always reflect on how you can improve. Be even better than you already are. 

Thank you for reading, and cheers.


JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP

Prepare for the H1 General Paper essay: Practise writing within a time limit


Practise, practise, and practise some more. 

There is a saying that practice makes perfect. 

There is another saying that practice makes permanent. 

Having the requisite practice, within the time limit, will help make your essay perfect and also solidify your essay writing skills.  

Even if you read a lot, and have thought through many issues and themes, and you are strong in your language abilities, you will still need to practise writing your essay within your time limit. 

Practise writing GP essays within a time limit to ensure that you can actually do so within an examination context. 

The question is, how should you practise writing your GP essay? 

First, you will have to draft up a plan within 10 to 15 minutes (15 minutes should be the maximum time for planning). If you fail to plan, you plan to fail – as the saying goes. Your plan should be a point form version of your essay preparation and the various clusters of arguments you have prepared, except that you align your content with the demands of the essay question. In other words, adapt your plan to fit the requirements of the essay question. Purely regurgitating what you have learnt is not an adequate plan, but adapting your content and examples, and aligning them and making them relevant towards answering the question is. 

Always remember to answer the question posed, and not a question that you think was asked. 

Second, after you have planned, then start writing for real, to get down your arguments and evaluative comments on paper, in neat, legible, and plain writing. Now this is pure common sense, but writing in neat, legible, and plain writing is very important to scoring marks. I have, on occasion, not given marks to students simply because I could not read their handwriting. However, I also do know of teachers who have given a slightly higher grade because of the presentation of the ideas – neat, legible, plain, and readable handwriting, with proper paragraphing of roughly equal lengths each, and with proper margins, and with good grammar and spelling. 

After a lot of practice, you will find that scoring a top grade for A level General Paper is actually much easier than it seems. You just need to make sure that you know exactly what you are doing and why you are doing it. 

You plan to make sure you answer the question, and to align your content and examples to the context of the question; and you write neatly, legibly, plainly, and readably, in proper paragraphs, and with proper margins, and with good grammar and handwriting, so that you can help your GP tutor or the A level examiner award you a high and well-deserved grade. 

Remember to practise within a time limit – and practise in the proper way. 

JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP

Prepare for the H1 General Paper essay: Prepare clusters of arguments


Prepare clusters of arguments, especially for and against various core positions. 

Essay outlines can just be prepared in terms of “for and against”, “pros and cons”, “theory vs practice”, “thesis-anti-thesis” point form arguments, so you can memorise and prepare for the GP essay examination using these essay outlines. It is more efficient that way. 

Cluster closely-related arguments together, by collating various pieces of evidence and quotations and sub-points or additional points into different sheets of paper. 

When I was in the school debate team back in secondary school, there was a popular book which clustered arguments for and against various themes and topics, for instance arguments for and against euthanasia, or arguments for and against reducing foreign aid to the Third World. It was a useful guide and we depended on it quite a bit to form our debate arguments, especially for impromptu debates – and in the case of GP, having a guide like that would be great. Preparing your own personal guide like that with clusters of arguments and evidence is even better. 

Why is it important to prepare clusters of arguments on various positions? 

These clusters of arguments can be learnt and memorised easily, so that you can summon up evidence and information rapidly during an examination context. 

You will also have a counter-argument or an opposite point for each and every argument you make in your preparation for GP, which you need for crafting a good GP essay. 

In summary: 

To excel in GP, prepare clusters of arguments, ready with evidence, quotes, and sub-points for detailed arguments, especially for and against various core positions, for the themes you have prepared. 

JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP

Prepare for the H1 General Paper essay: Prepare essay outlines


You will need to prepare many essay outlines if you want to succeed in GP.

Success in GP also comes about from strong preparation in terms of writing and preparing essay outlines. As the saying goes, practice makes perfect - but also remember that practice makes permanent too! 

First, look for GP essay questions (you can find some on JC General Paper Essays) that you can practise, and then start preparing essay outlines to the essay questions related to your chosen themes and topics that you have read and prepared for.

Start preparing your essay outlines, being careful to link to your readings and conducting additional research where necessary. I normally like to write long points and elaborate by using sub bullet points, but some prefer to use tables, in the form of graphic organisers. You could also create information tables or draw mind-maps with information and arguments that you will be using in an examination. As for writing by hand or typing out information - each has pros and cons, that you should discover for yourself. 

Having long and detailed essay outlines will be useful and relevant for examination preparation for GP. 

If your essay outlines are detailed and well-researched, this will help you during memorisation later. In addition, if these outlines are detailed and well-researched, this will help you think through your approaches (structure and style of your writing) and content (your studying and reading of your themes). As you start to prepare essay outlines, you can find out if you really understand your topic or if you have been merely skimming through difficult and challenging arguments. This would help you plug gaps in your understanding, and make you an even better expert on your themes.

Also remember to answer the questions posed rather than answering essay questions that you think have been asked. 

Examiners are often very happy to give high marks and good grades to students who answer the questions by responding to and addressing accurately what is required.

Remember:

You will need to prepare many detailed, well-researched essay outlines of essay questions related to your theme if you want to succeed in crafting your winning GP essay.


JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP

Prepare for the H1 General Paper essay: Read sample GP essays


Read sample or model GP essays to understand what makes a good essay.

Choosing a few related themes and topics to study for GP, followed by extensive reading on the topics while taking copious, relevant notes are the first few steps to success in GP.

What else can you do to make sure that you are well prepared for GP?

Now, you should read good GP essays so that you have a firm idea of what makes a good GP essay and see what examiners are looking out for.

Reading sample or model GP essays would be useful in helping you understand what can be expected under examination conditions. This is pure common sense. 

But I would say, hold yourself to even higher standards than these model essays – instead, just think of these model or sample essays you read as baseline or foundational – and hold yourself to even higher standards where you can and will eventually write even better, and craft even better GP essays. 

In other words, see what makes the essays good, and then try to reach that standard, and then, beyond that, strive to write even better. Learn from these essays only to make sure that you learn how to write even better essays.

Always think of how you can improve.  

When reading sample or model GP essays, you could highlight key phrases and arguments made. How did the student make his arguments? Were these arguments strong and valid, or should they have been buttressed, or buttressed further? Do these arguments made gel with what you have read and studied while preparing for your theme, or should you add these to your repertoire?  

In terms of language, notice the various possible turns of phrases, or even quotations that you can use (be sure to check these quotations up to make sure that they are accurate quotations from real and famous personalities). What do these phrases mean, and how can you use them in future GP essays?

In terms of examples, note how the examples are made in the essay to highlight and portray certain arguments or points, or to emphasise some arguments or some points made. What was the evidence given, and was the evidence convincing? In other words, think of how you can learn from the essays you read, and how you can improve upon the writing.

But I would say once again, just to emphasise and to make it loud and clear – you should just think of these excellent essays or good essays you find as baseline or foundational for your purposes – and hold yourself to even higher standards where you believe you can and will eventually write even better, and craft even better GP essays than what you have read.

Make consistent progress, and have even bigger and better improvements.

In conclusion, remember to read sample GP essays to understand what makes a good essay and learn from these essays.


JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP

Prepare for the H1 General Paper essay: Read widely around your themes or topics and take notes


Read widely – read, read, read … and take notes of what you have read

Once you have chosen your area of specialisation (your themes or related topics that you will specialise in for your GP essay), read a lot around the themes, topics, or subjects and take copious notes.

For me, for example, I love to read about modern European history, especially events and developments from the French Revolution in 1789, to the First and Second World Wars, all the way to Europe’s context and situation today, including the excitement around Greece’s economy, the possible Grexit, recession in Europe, and arguments that the pro-EU camp make against the Euro-sceptics, and how the Euro-sceptics incite … well, incite scepticism.

However, I am also interested in international history, which is innately interesting, and the history of Singapore, since after all I do love my beautiful sunny little island, set in the sea. 

I read up a lot on these topics and history is something that makes me (academically speaking) happy.

Read, read, read, and find out more. Be an active reader.

In addition to “what happened”, I also focus on the “so what?” to learn about the impact, significance, and meaning of the various events, facts, and contexts. Remember, that it is important not just to learn facts, but also to learn about the meaning of the facts and to examine their impacts or significance.

Fundamentally, you have to read really widely around your chosen themes, and not just a few magazine articles for preparation.

You could read a range of materials or sources, beyond books and the Internet, such as:
  • This wonderful blog, JC General Paper Essays (absolutely no bias here! :p)
  • Newsweek
  • The Economist
  • Forbes
  • Harvard Business Review
  • Reader’s Digest
  • National Geographic
  • The New Yorker
  • Huffington Post (online and print)
  • Time magazine
  • Newspapers 

Please don’t read Glamour, Sports Illustrated, and 8 Days, or even Roy Ngerng's really flawed or poorly-researched Heart Truths, to prepare for your GP essays; read these for leisure or entertainment instead.

Beyond reading widely around your themes, you have to be disciplined and collate and write up notes on what you have read, taking care to be clear, concise, yet accurate about what you have read. Some students are not very accurate about what they have read, and this makes for sloppy and unclear thinking and writing.

You could do a lot to ensure your success in assimilating information.

Highlight the key facts, dates, information, quotes and phrases. What do these mean? What is the impact or significance? Write these down. 

Can you express the idea in your own words? Are you certain that is what was being said? 

On vocabulary, you could learn a lot of words. What are the words that you do not yet know, but will know soon? What are the words that you thought you knew but you now realise that the word has many other connotations and meanings? Write these down too. 

Surely when you read the article you did not know everything. What do you not know? What do you need to find out, and who can you ask? Can you find the information online, and is it credible and relevant? 

Think about your subject or theme or topic here too. What have you really learnt here?

If you can think about an issue carefully, you can write about it carefully.

When you learn a lot about a certain theme, and start to build some solid foundation on few related themes, you can start to do some theme-weaving, which means to make sense of your notes and consolidate them into a coherent whole. Beyond reading and taking notes, you need to have some synthesis.

Make your notes flow and draw linkages between what you have read. Write out or draw a mind-map or a set of additional notes, or an outline of the theme or topic. How do the different readings or articles help you?

For instance, what has the intellectual history of economics, for instance, have to do with the history of Europe? Is economics as a discipline really Eurocentric in nature? Perhaps the industrial revolution had a lot to do with the history of the world and might have led to colonialism and trade, or other such thoughts and ideas such as the White Man’s Burden.

In conclusion, just remember:

Once you have chosen your area of specialisation (your themes or related topics that you will specialise in), read a lot around your themes, topics, or subjects and take copious notes, so that you can really make the material your own by absorbing it.


JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP

Prepare for the H1 General Paper essay: Choose a few themes or topics to specialise in


Choose a few themes or topics to specialise in for your GP essay paper.

The first secret of successful preparation for General Paper is to choose a few themes or topics to specialise in, and concentrate your energies into mastering a few related topics for your essay.

You will work hard to becoming a mini-expert in a few related thematic or topic areas - and this will give you an edge when crafting your essay.  

An extensive range of topics are covered in GP A Level essay questions such as science and technology, religions, arts and culture, international politics, society, history, economics, and current affairs. 

However, quite naturally, GP Paper 1 can be on almost any theme or topic, and sometimes these essays are very general in nature, and sometimes these topics can straddle and be cross-thematic or cross-topic in nature, such as the intersection between science and technology and religion, or history can be combined with society and economics.

Some suggested thematic or topic areas for GP students to prepare for are:
  • Science and technology, and the ethics of science
  • Religions and comparative religion
  • Arts and culture, literature
  • International politics and politics in general (political science)
  • Society and sociology
  • History
  • Economics and current knowledge
Essay questions will not necessarily be set on every topic area. In fact, it often tends to be the case that essay questions will be general in nature and require candidates to draw on their prior knowledge from across disciplines, draw the links between various subject areas, as well as to show an awareness of current, global and significant local or national issues. 

All these skills will fundamentally depend on students having mastered or really deeply thought about a few related themes or topics in the first case. 

As I shared earlier on JC General Paper Essays, for example, I am more of a humanities and social sciences person, so I chose a history and current affairs related topic, which was on whether history is only about wars. For students from a more science background, choosing a topic about science and technology, or on environmentalism might make a great deal more sense to them. However, choosing only one topic for the GP essay is rather dangerous, so choose more than one area of specialisation. I chose humanities, social sciences, arts and culture, and literature.

Remember, the first secret of successful preparation for General Paper is to choose a few themes or topics to specialise in, and concentrate your energies into mastering a few related topics for your essay.

JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP

How to Prepare for General Paper (GP) Essays


General Paper is a very useful examination and covers many interesting issues, themes, and topics, but preparing for the examination often makes students think of long guidebooks and worksheets and class discussions with sometimes, but of course not always, boring classmates. Even more pertinent is the fact that the GP essay is one very important essay, which needs to be prepared for. 

How can one prepare for success in the GP essay? 

This post suggests a clear-cut yet comprehensive and useful approach to preparing for General Paper that you can do by yourself. 

As this approach is an outline, different subsequent posts will elaborate and explicate with examples how you can use these key ideas to prepare for success in GP. 

Choose a few themes or topics to specialise in 

First, choose a few themes or topics to specialise in, and concentrate your energies into mastering a few related topics. 

For example, I am more of a humanities and social sciences person, so I chose a history and current affairs related topic, which was on whether history is only about wars. For students from a more science background, choosing a topic about science and technology, or on environmentalism might make a great deal more sense to them. However, choosing only one topic for the GP essay is rather dangerous, so choose more than one area of specialisation. I chose humanities, social sciences, arts and culture, and literature – no surprise, since I was a Humanities Scholar and love the arts in general. 

Read widely around your themes or topics and take notes

Once you have chosen your area of specialisation, read a lot around the subject and take notes. For me, for example, I love to read about European history, especially the events and developments from the French Revolution in 1789 all the way to Europe today, including the excitement around Greece, the possible Grexit, the recession in Europe, and the pro-EU camp against the Euro-sceptics. In addition to “what happened”, I also focused on the “so what?” to learn about the impact, significance, and meaning of the various events. 

Also, in a related vein, for Economics, another love of mine, I love to learn about the history of the discipline, which in a sense is about the intellectual history of economics as a subject. What did Adam Smith say? What did Keynes actually say? How did the subject become a social science, and what is the difference between positive statements and normative arguments? What were the historical events behind the various economic ideas, or how have economic ideas been implemented in real historical situations and periods? 

Collectively, you have to read really widely around your chosen themes.

Beyond reading widely around your themes, you have to be disciplined and collate and write up notes on what you have read, taking care to be clear, concise, yet accurate about what you have read. Some students are not very accurate about what they have read, and this makes for sloppy and unclear thinking and writing. 

If you can think about an issue carefully, you can write about it carefully. 

When you learn a lot about a certain theme, and start to build some solid foundation on a theme or two, you can start to do some theme-weaving, which means to make sense of your notes and consolidate them into a coherent whole. Make your notes flow and draw linkages between what you have read. What has the intellectual history of economics, for instance, have to do with the history of Europe? Is economics as a discipline really Eurocentric in nature? Perhaps the industrial revolution had a lot to do with the history of the world and might have led to colonialism and trade, or other such thoughts and ideas such as the White Man’s Burden. 

Read sample GP essays

Next, you should read good essays so that you have a firm idea of what makes a good GP essay. Reading sample or model GP essays might be useful here in providing you with an idea or a sense of what makes for  good GP essays, or what can be expected under examination conditions. But I would say, just think of these as baseline or foundational – and hold yourself to higher standards where you can and will eventually write even better, and craft even better GP essays. 

Highlight key phrases and arguments made. Notice the various possible turns of phrases, or even quotations that you can use (be sure to check them up to make sure that they are accurate quotations from real and famous personalities). Note how the examples are given to highlight and portray certain points or to emphasise some arguments or some points made. 

But I would say once again, just to emphasise and to make it loud and clear – you should just think of these excellent essays or good essays you find as baseline or foundational for your purposes – and hold yourself to even higher standards where you believe you can and will eventually write even better, and craft even better GP essays than what you have read. Make progress, and have bigger and better improvements.

I have faith in you - and you should believe in yourself. 

Prepare essay outlines 

Look through past year GP essay questions and perhaps take a look at various samples adapted from actual A level essay questions here on this site. 

Start preparing your essay outlines, being careful to link to your readings and conducting additional research where necessary. Also remember to answer the questions posed rather than answering essay questions that you think have been asked. 

As you start to prepare essay outlines, you can find out if you really understand your topic or if you have been merely skimming through difficult and challenging arguments. 

Prepare clusters of arguments

Sometimes, these outlines can just be for and against point form arguments. Cluster arguments together, by collating various pieces of evidence and quotations and points into different sheets of paper. These clusters of arguments can be learnt and memorised, so that you can summon up evidence and information rapidly during an examination context. 

Practise writing within a time limit

Finally, practise real writing within a time limit. I often do this for all my writing and essay-based subjects, not just GP. Set aside some 10 to 15 minutes to plan (15 minutes should  be the maximum) and then start writing for real, to get down your arguments and evaluative comments on paper, in neat, legible,  and plain writing. 

In conclusion, the simple yet effective system that would help students prepare successfully to craft an excellent essay for General Paper is - 

First, choose a few related themes or topics
Second, read widely around the themes and take notes
Third, read sample GP essays
Fourth, prepare essay outlines
Fifth, prepare clusters of arguments
Sixth, practise writing within a time limit

Thanks for reading and cheers! 

JC General Paper Essays – how to prepare for GP